SSL stands for Secure Sockets Layer and is designed to create secure connection between client and server. Secure means that connection is encrypted and therefore protected from eavesdropping. It also allows to validate server identity.

SSL support status

• ssl module (internal for Python 2.6+, external for Python 2.5 - http://pypi.python.org/pypi/ssl). Unfortunately, there are no external binaries for Python 2.5 on Windows (and that makes AppEngine uploads insecure).

  • ssl doesn't validate server identity and hence vulnerable to MITM attack by default (read below).

• pyOpenSSL, external module for Python 2.3+, doesn't validate server identity, vulnerable to MITM attack by default.

There is a serious security issue with ssl and pyOpenSSL libraries that provide SSL support. They may require valid certificate from server, but do not check it actually belongs to this server. This allows successful Man-in-the-middle attack using valid certificate from other site - http://bugs.python.org/issue1589 Libraries validate that certificate is correct and correctly signed by root certificate, but it does not check that site name matches the name specified in certificate.

Validating server identity with ssl module

Client need to connect to server over SSL, fetch its certificate, check that the certificate is valid (signed properly) and belongs to this server (server name).

Let's illustrate ssl vulnerability in Python 2.x versions. The following snippet should fail - it replaces HOST "www.google.com" to connect to with its IP address. If you try to use this IP in Chrome like https://74.125.232.50 - it will show an error, but ssl library will not.

import socket
import ssl

HOST = "www.google.com"
PORT = 443

# replace HOST name with IP, this should fail connection attempt,
# but it doesn't in Python 2.x
HOST = socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT)[0][4][0]
print(HOST)

# create socket and connect to server
# server address is specified later in connect() method
sock = socket.socket()
sock.connect((HOST, PORT))

# wrap socket to add SSL support
sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock,
  # flag that certificate from the other side of connection is required
  # and should be validated when wrapping 
  cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
  # file with root certificates
  ca_certs="cacerts.txt"
)

You will need "cacerts.txt" file that contains root certificates placed alongside the script - feel free to use the one attached to this page or see below how to get an updated list. To check that certificate validation works - use https://www.debian-administration.org/ in HOST name. This site's certificate is not signed by any root certificates from "cacerts.txt", so you will get an error.

To validate that a certificate matches requested site, you need to check commonName field in the subject of the certificate. This information can be accessed with getpeercert() method of wrapped socket.

import socket
import ssl

HOST = "www.google.com"
PORT = 443

# replace HOST name with IP, this should fail connection attempt
HOST = socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT)[0][4][0]
print(HOST)

# create socket and connect to server
# server address is specified later in connect() method
sock = socket.socket()
sock.connect((HOST, PORT))

# wrap socket to add SSL support
sock = ssl.wrap_socket(sock,
  # flag that certificate from the other side of connection is required
  # and should be validated when wrapping 
  cert_reqs=ssl.CERT_REQUIRED,
  # file with root certificates
  ca_certs="cacerts.txt"
)

# security hole here - there should be an error about mismatched host name
# manual check of hostname
cert = sock.getpeercert()
for field in cert['subject']:
  if field[0][0] == 'commonName':
    certhost = field[0][1]
    if certhost != HOST:
      raise ssl.SSLError("Host name '%s' doesn't match certificate host '%s'"
                         % (HOST, certhost))

That's it.

Validating server certificate with pyOpenSSL module

}}} import socket from OpenSSL import SSL

HOST = "www.google.com" PORT = 443

# replace HOST name with IP, this should fail connection attempt, # but it doesn't by default HOST = socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT)[0][4][0] print(HOST)

# uses HOST def verify_cb(conn, x509, errno, errdepth, retcode):

• """ callback for certificate validation should return true if verification passes and false otherwise """ if errno == 0:
  • if errdepth != 0:
    • # don't validate names of root certificates return True
    else:
    • if x509.get_subject().commonName != HOST:
      • return False
  else:
  • return False

context = SSL.Context(SSL.SSLv23_METHOD) context.set_verify(SSL.VERIFY_PEER | SSL.VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT, verify_cb) context.load_verify_locations("cacerts.txt")

# create socket and connect to server sock = socket.socket() sock = SSL.Connection(context, sock) sock.connect((HOST, PORT)) sock.do_handshake() }}}

Validate certificate expiration

Needs to be researched if Python SSL libraries validate certificate expiration times correctly. Entrypoint: certificate fields notBefore and notAfter.

Get updated list of root certificates

You will need the latest version of certificate data from http://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/file/tip/security/nss/lib/ckfw/builtins/certdata.txt and convert it to PEM format by any of available tools.

Or just grab the latest version from http://curl.haxx.se/ca/cacert.pem