PythonLibraryReference

Guido van Rossum

Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor

PythonLabs

Email: docs@python.org

Release 2.3.3

December 19, 2003

(conversion to WikiFormat by ALloydFlanagan)

FrontMatter

TableOfContents

1. ReferenceIntroduction

2. BuiltInObjects

2.1 BuiltInFunctions

2.2 NonEssentialBuiltInFunctions

2.3 BuiltInTypes

2.4 BuiltInExceptions

2.5 BuiltInConstants

3. PythonRuntimeServices

3.1 SysModule -- System-specific parameters and functions

3.2 GcModule -- Garbage Collector interface

3.3 WeakrefModule -- Weak references 3.3.1 WeakReferenceObjects 3.3.2 WeakrefExample 3.3.3 WeakReferencesInExtensionTypes 3.4 FpectlModule -- Floating point exception control 3.4.1 FpectlExample 3.4.2 FpectlLimitationsAndOtherConsiderations 3.5 AtexitModule -- Exit handlers 3.5.1 atexit Example 3.6 types -- Names for built-in types 3.7 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects 3.8 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects 3.9 UserString -- Class wrapper for string objects 3.10 operator -- Standard operators as functions. 3.10.1 Mapping Operators to Functions 3.11 inspect -- Inspect live objects 3.11.1 Types and members 3.11.2 Retrieving source code 3.11.3 Classes and functions 3.11.4 The interpreter stack 3.12 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback 3.12.1 Traceback Example 3.13 linecache -- Random access to text lines 3.14 pickle -- Python object serialization 3.14.1 Relationship to other Python modules 3.14.2 Data stream format 3.14.3 Usage 3.14.4 What can be pickled and unpickled? 3.14.5 The pickle protocol 3.14.6 Subclassing Unpicklers 3.14.7 Example 3.15 cPickle -- A faster pickle 3.16 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions 3.17 shelve -- Python object persistence 3.17.1 Restrictions 3.17.2 Example 3.18 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations 3.19 marshal -- Internal Python object serialization 3.20 warnings -- Warning control 3.20.1 Warning Categories 3.20.2 The Warnings Filter 3.20.3 Available Functions 3.21 imp -- Access the import internals 3.21.1 Examples 3.22 pkgutil -- Package extension utility 3.23 code -- Interpreter base classes 3.23.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects 3.23.2 Interactive Console Objects 3.24 codeop -- Compile Python code 3.25 pprint -- Data pretty printer 3.25.1 PrettyPrinter Objects 3.26 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation 3.26.1 Repr Objects 3.26.2 Subclassing Repr Objects 3.27 new -- Creation of runtime internal objects 3.28 site -- Site-specific configuration hook 3.29 user -- User-specific configuration hook 3.30 builtin -- Built-in functions 3.31 main -- Top-level script environment 3.32 future -- Future statement definitions 4. String Services 4.1 string -- Common string operations 4.2 re -- Regular expression operations 4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax 4.2.2 Matching vs Searching 4.2.3 Module Contents 4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects 4.2.5 Match Objects 4.2.6 Examples 4.3 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data 4.4 difflib -- Helpers for computing deltas 4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects 4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples 4.4.3 Differ Objects 4.4.4 Differ Example 4.5 fpformat -- Floating point conversions 4.6 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files 4.7 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO 4.8 textwrap -- Text wrapping and filling 4.9 codecs -- Codec registry and base classes 4.9.1 Codec Base Classes 4.9.2 Standard Encodings 4.9.3 encodings.idna -- Internationalized Domain Names in Applications 4.10 unicodedata -- Unicode Database 4.11 stringprep -- Internet String Preparation 5. Miscellaneous Services 5.1 pydoc -- Documentation generator and online help system 5.2 doctest -- Test docstrings represent reality 5.2.1 Normal Usage 5.2.2 Which Docstrings Are Examined? 5.2.3 What's the Execution Context? 5.2.4 What About Exceptions? 5.2.5 Advanced Usage 5.2.6 How are Docstring Examples Recognized? 5.2.7 Warnings 5.2.8 Soapbox 5.3 unittest -- Unit testing framework 5.3.1 Basic example 5.3.2 Organizing test code 5.3.3 Re-using old test code 5.3.4 Classes and functions 5.3.5 TestCase Objects 5.3.6 TestSuite Objects 5.3.7 TestResult Objects 5.3.8 TestLoader Objects 5.4 test -- Regression tests package for Python 5.4.1 Writing Unit Tests for the test package 5.4.2 Running tests Using test.regrtest 5.5 test.test_support -- Utility functions for tests 5.6 math -- Mathematical functions 5.7 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers 5.8 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers 5.9 whrandom -- Pseudo-random number generator 5.10 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm 5.10.1 Examples 5.11 heapq -- Heap queue algorithm 5.11.1 Theory 5.12 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values 5.13 sets -- Unordered collections of unique elements 5.13.1 Set Objects 5.13.2 Example 5.13.3 Protocol for automatic conversion to immutable 5.14 itertools -- Functions creating iterators for efficient looping 5.14.1 Itertool functions 5.14.2 Examples 5.15 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser 5.15.1 RawConfigParser Objects 5.15.2 ConfigParser Objects 5.16 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams 5.17 xreadlines -- Efficient iteration over a file 5.18 calendar -- General calendar-related functions 5.19 cmd -- Support for line-oriented command interpreters 5.19.1 Cmd Objects 5.20 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis 5.20.1 Module Contents 5.20.2 shlex Objects 5.20.3 Parsing Rules 6. Generic Operating System Services 6.1 os -- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces 6.1.1 Process Parameters 6.1.2 File Object Creation 6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations 6.1.4 Files and Directories 6.1.5 Process Management 6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information 6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations 6.3 dircache -- Cached directory listings 6.4 stat -- Interpreting stat() results 6.5 statcache -- An optimization of os.stat() 6.6 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs() 6.7 filecmp -- File and Directory Comparisons 6.7.1 The dircmp class 6.8 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams 6.8.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects 6.8.2 Flow Control Issues 6.9 datetime -- Basic date and time types 6.9.1 Available Types 6.9.2 timedelta Objects 6.9.3 date Objects 6.9.4 datetime Objects 6.9.5 time Objects 6.9.6 tzinfo Objects 6.9.7 strftime() Behavior 6.10 time -- Time access and conversions 6.11 sched -- Event scheduler 6.11.1 Scheduler Objects 6.12 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support 6.12.1 Mutex Objects 6.13 getpass -- Portable password input 6.14 curses -- Terminal handling for character-cell displays 6.14.1 Functions 6.14.2 Window Objects 6.14.3 Constants 6.15 curses.textpad -- Text input widget for curses programs 6.15.1 Textbox objects 6.16 curses.wrapper -- Terminal handler for curses programs 6.17 curses.ascii -- Utilities for ASCII characters 6.18 curses.panel -- A panel stack extension for curses. 6.18.1 Functions 6.18.2 Panel Objects 6.19 getopt -- Parser for command line options 6.20 optparse -- Powerful parser for command line options. 6.20.1 Philosophy 6.20.2 Basic Usage 6.20.3 Advanced Usage 6.20.4 Callback Options 6.20.5 Extending optparse 6.21 tempfile -- Generate temporary files and directories 6.22 errno -- Standard errno system symbols 6.23 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion 6.24 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching 6.25 shutil -- High-level file operations 6.25.1 Example 6.26 locale -- Internationalization services 6.26.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats 6.26.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python 6.26.3 Access to message catalogs 6.27 gettext -- Multilingual internationalization services 6.27.1 GNU gettext API 6.27.2 Class-based API 6.27.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules 6.27.4 Acknowledgements 6.28 logging -- Logging facility for Python 6.28.1 Logger Objects 6.28.2 Handler Objects 6.28.3 Formatter Objects 6.28.4 Filter Objects 6.28.5 LogRecord Objects 6.28.6 Thread Safety 6.28.7 Configuration 6.28.8 Using the logging package 7. Optional Operating System Services 7.1 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events 7.1.1 Example 7.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface 7.2.1 Socket Objects 7.2.2 SSL Objects 7.2.3 Example 7.3 select -- Waiting for I/O completion 7.3.1 Polling Objects 7.4 thread -- Multiple threads of control 7.5 threading -- Higher-level threading interface 7.5.1 Lock Objects 7.5.2 RLock Objects 7.5.3 Condition Objects 7.5.4 Semaphore Objects 7.5.5 Event Objects 7.5.6 Thread Objects 7.5.7 Timer Objects 7.6 dummy_thread -- Drop-in replacement for the thread module 7.7 dummy_threading -- Drop-in replacement for the threading module 7.8 Queue -- A synchronized queue class 7.8.1 Queue Objects 7.9 mmap -- Memory-mapped file support 7.10 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases 7.11 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library 7.11.1 Database Objects 7.12 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database 7.13 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library 7.13.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects 7.14 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation 7.14.1 Dumbdbm Objects 7.15 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip 7.16 gzip -- Support for gzip files 7.17 bz2 -- Compression compatible with bzip2 7.17.1 (De)compression of files 7.17.2 Sequential (de)compression 7.17.3 One-shot (de)compression 7.18 zipfile -- Work with ZIP archives 7.18.1 ZipFile Objects 7.18.2 PyZipFile Objects 7.18.3 ZipInfo Objects 7.19 tarfile -- Read and write tar archive files 7.19.1 TarFile Objects 7.19.2 TarInfo Objects 7.19.3 Examples 7.20 readline -- GNU readline interface 7.20.1 Example 7.21 rlcompleter -- Completion function for GNU readline 7.21.1 Completer Objects 8. Unix Specific Services 8.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls 8.1.1 Large File Support 8.1.2 Module Contents 8.2 pwd -- The password database 8.3 grp -- The group database 8.4 crypt -- Function to check Unix passwords 8.5 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects 8.5.1 Dl Objects 8.6 dbm -- Simple database interface 8.7 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm 8.8 termios -- POSIX style tty control 8.8.1 Example 8.9 TERMIOS -- Constants used with the termios module 8.10 tty -- Terminal control functions 8.11 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities 8.12 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls 8.13 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines 8.13.1 Template Objects 8.14 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support 8.15 resource -- Resource usage information 8.15.1 Resource Limits 8.15.2 Resource Usage 8.16 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages) 8.17 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines 8.18 commands -- Utilities for running commands 9. The Python Debugger 9.1 Debugger Commands 9.2 How It Works 10. The Python Profiler 10.1 Introduction to the profiler 10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler? 10.3 Instant Users Manual 10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling? 10.5 Reference Manual 10.5.1 The Stats Class 10.6 Limitations 10.7 Calibration 10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers 10.9 hotshot -- High performance logging profiler 10.9.1 Profile Objects 10.9.2 Using hotshot data 10.9.3 Example Usage 10.10 timeit -- Measure execution time of small code snippets 10.10.1 Command Line Interface 10.10.2 Examples 11. Internet Protocols and Support 11.1 webbrowser -- Convenient Web-browser controller 11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects 11.2 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support. 11.2.1 Introduction 11.2.2 Using the cgi module 11.2.3 Higher Level Interface 11.2.4 Old classes 11.2.5 Functions 11.2.6 Caring about security 11.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system 11.2.8 Testing your CGI script 11.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts 11.2.10 Common problems and solutions 11.3 cgitb -- Traceback manager for CGI scripts 11.4 urllib -- Open arbitrary resources by URL 11.4.1 URLopener Objects 11.4.2 Examples 11.5 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs 11.5.1 Request Objects 11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects 11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects 11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects 11.5.5 ProxyHandler Objects 11.5.6 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects 11.5.7 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects 11.5.8 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects 11.5.9 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects 11.5.10 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects 11.5.11 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects 11.5.12 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects 11.5.13 HTTPHandler Objects 11.5.14 HTTPSHandler Objects 11.5.15 FileHandler Objects 11.5.16 FTPHandler Objects 11.5.17 CacheFTPHandler Objects 11.5.18 GopherHandler Objects 11.5.19 UnknownHandler Objects 11.5.20 Examples 11.6 httplib -- HTTP protocol client 11.6.1 HTTPConnection Objects 11.6.2 HTTPResponse Objects 11.6.3 Examples 11.7 ftplib -- FTP protocol client 11.7.1 FTP Objects 11.8 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client 11.9 poplib -- POP3 protocol client 11.9.1 POP3 Objects 11.9.2 POP3 Example 11.10 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client 11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects 11.10.2 IMAP4 Example 11.11 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client 11.11.1 NNTP Objects 11.12 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client 11.12.1 SMTP Objects 11.12.2 SMTP Example 11.13 telnetlib -- Telnet client 11.13.1 Telnet Objects 11.13.2 Telnet Example 11.14 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components 11.15 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers 11.16 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server 11.17 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler 11.18 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler 11.19 Cookie -- HTTP state management 11.19.1 Cookie Objects 11.19.2 Morsel Objects 11.19.3 Example 11.20 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access 11.20.1 ServerProxy Objects 11.20.2 Boolean Objects 11.20.3 DateTime Objects 11.20.4 Binary Objects 11.20.5 Fault Objects 11.20.6 ProtocolError Objects 11.20.7 Convenience Functions 11.20.8 Example of Client Usage 11.21 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server 11.21.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects 11.21.2 CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler 11.22 DocXMLRPCServer -- Self-documenting XML-RPC server 11.22.1 DocXMLRPCServer Objects 11.22.2 DocCGIXMLRPCRequestHandler 11.23 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler 11.23.1 asyncore Example basic HTTP client 11.24 asynchat -- Asynchronous socket command/response handler 11.24.1 asynchat - Auxiliary Classes and Functions 11.24.2 asynchat Example 12. Internet Data Handling 12.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting 12.1.1 The Formatter Interface 12.1.2 Formatter Implementations 12.1.3 The Writer Interface 12.1.4 Writer Implementations 12.2 email -- An email and MIME handling package 12.2.1 Representing an email message 12.2.2 Parsing email messages 12.2.3 Generating MIME documents 12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch 12.2.5 Internationalized headers 12.2.6 Representing character sets 12.2.7 Encoders 12.2.8 Exception classes 12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities 12.2.10 Iterators 12.2.11 Differences from email v1 (up to Python 2.2.1) 12.2.12 Differences from mimelib 12.2.13 Examples 12.3 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling. 12.4 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats 12.4.1 Mailbox Objects 12.5 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes 12.5.1 MH Objects 12.5.2 Folder Objects 12.5.3 Message Objects 12.6 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages 12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects 12.7 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types 12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects 12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer 12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects 12.9 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages 12.10 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts 12.10.1 MultiFile Objects 12.10.2 MultiFile Example 12.11 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers 12.11.1 Message Objects 12.11.2 AddressList Objects 12.12 base64 -- Encode and decode MIME base64 data 12.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII 12.14 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files 12.14.1 Notes 12.15 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data 12.16 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files 12.17 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data 12.17.1 Packer Objects 12.17.2 Unpacker Objects 12.17.3 Exceptions 12.18 netrc -- netrc file processing 12.18.1 netrc Objects 12.19 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt 12.20 csv -- CSV File Reading and Writing 12.20.1 Module Contents 12.20.2 Dialects and Formatting Parameters 12.20.3 Reader Objects 12.20.4 Writer Objects 12.20.5 Examples 13. Structured Markup Processing Tools 13.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser 13.1.1 Example HTML Parser Application 13.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser 13.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents 13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects 13.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities 13.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat 13.5.1 XMLParser Objects 13.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions 13.5.3 Example 13.5.4 Content Model Descriptions 13.5.5 Expat error constants 13.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API 13.6.1 Module Contents 13.6.2 Objects in the DOM 13.6.3 Conformance 13.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation 13.7.1 DOM Objects 13.7.2 DOM Example 13.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard 13.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees 13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects 13.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers 13.9.1 SAXException Objects 13.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers 13.10.1 ContentHandler Objects 13.10.2 DTDHandler Objects 13.10.3 EntityResolver Objects 13.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects 13.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities 13.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers 13.12.1 XMLReader Objects 13.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects 13.12.3 Locator Objects 13.12.4 InputSource Objects 13.12.5 The Attributes Interface 13.12.6 The AttributesNS Interface 13.13 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents 13.13.1 XML Namespaces 14. Multimedia Services 14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data 14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data 14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files 14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files 14.4.1 AU_read Objects 14.4.2 AU_write Objects 14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files 14.5.1 Wave_read Objects 14.5.2 Wave_write Objects 14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data 14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems 14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write SGI RGB files 14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image 14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file 14.11 ossaudiodev -- Access to OSS-compatible audio devices 14.11.1 Audio Device Objects 14.11.2 Mixer Device Objects 15. Cryptographic Services 15.1 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication 15.2 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm 15.3 sha -- SHA-1 message digest algorithm 15.4 mpz -- GNU arbitrary magnitude integers 15.5 rotor -- Enigma-like encryption and decryption 16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk 16.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk 16.1.1 Tkinter Modules 16.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver 16.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk 16.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter 16.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related 16.1.6 Handy Reference 16.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk 16.2.1 Using Tix 16.2.2 Tix Widgets 16.2.3 Tix Commands 16.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget 16.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk 16.4.1 Pen and RawPen Objects 16.5 Idle 16.5.1 Menus 16.5.2 Basic editing and navigation 16.5.3 Syntax colors 16.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages 17. Restricted Execution 17.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework 17.1.1 RExec Objects 17.1.2 Defining restricted environments 17.1.3 An example 17.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects 18. Python Language Services 18.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees 18.1.1 Creating AST Objects 18.1.2 Converting AST Objects 18.1.3 Queries on AST Objects 18.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling 18.1.5 AST Objects 18.1.6 Examples 18.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees 18.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees 18.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords 18.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source 18.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation 18.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support 18.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects 18.7.2 Function Descriptor Objects 18.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files 18.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries 18.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code 18.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions 18.11 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules 19. Python compiler package 19.1 The basic interface 19.2 Limitations 19.3 Python Abstract Syntax 19.3.1 AST Nodes 19.3.2 Assignment nodes 19.3.3 Examples 19.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs 19.5 Bytecode Generation 20. SGI IRIX Specific Services 20.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI 20.1.1 Configuration Objects 20.1.2 Port Objects 20.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module 20.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems 20.3.1 Player Objects 20.3.2 Parser Objects 20.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces 20.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl 20.4.2 Form Objects 20.4.3 FORMS Objects 20.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module 20.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs 20.7 fm -- Font Manager interface 20.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface 20.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module 20.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module 20.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files 20.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files 21. SunOS Specific Services 21.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware 21.1.1 Audio Device Objects 21.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev 22. MS Windows Specific Services 22.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime 22.1.1 File Operations 22.1.2 Console I/O 22.1.3 Other Functions 22.2 _winreg - Windows registry access 22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects 22.3 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows A. Undocumented Modules A.1 Frameworks A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities A.3 Platform specific modules A.4 Multimedia A.5 Obsolete A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules B. Reporting Bugs C. History and License C.1 History of the software C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python Module Index Index About this document ...

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