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Python Implementations
An "implementation" of Python should be taken to mean a program or environment which provides support for the execution of programs written in the Python language, or some broadly similar dialect of the language.
There have been and are several distinct software packages providing of what we all recognize as Python, although some of those are more like distributions or variants of some existing implementation than a completely new implementation of the language.
CPython Variants
CPython - the reference Python implementation
ActivePython - a CPython variant
Tiny Python - not to be confused with tinypy, below
unladen-swallow - "an optimization branch of CPython, intended to be fully compatible and significantly faster"
wpython - a re-implementation of CPython using "wordcode" instead of bytecode
Other Implementations
CLPython - Python in Common Lisp
IronPython - Python in C# for the Common Language Runtime (CLR/.NET)
Jython - Python in Java for the Java platform
PyMite - Python for embedded devices
PyPy - Python in Python, targeting several environments
SNAPpy - "a subset of the Python language that has been optimized for use in low-power embedded devices" (apparently proprietary)
tinypy - a minimalist implementation of python in 64k of code
Closely related but arguably distinct languages
Compilers
Compyler - an attempt to "transliterate the bytecode into x86 assembly"
Cython - an optimising Python-to-C compiler, CPython extension module generator, and wrapper language for binding external libraries
Shed Skin - a Python-to-C++ compiler
unPython - a Python to C compiler using type annotations
Topic Guides
This page aims to replace one formerly maintained as "Cameron Laird's personal notes on varieties of Python implementation". Also of interest will be IntegratingPythonWithOtherLanguages, which, among other variants, mentions embeddings of Python in other languages.