• beautiful soup

"""Beautiful Soup Elixir and Tonic "The Screen-Scraper's Friend" http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/

Beautiful Soup parses a (possibly invalid) XML or HTML document into a tree representation. It provides methods and Pythonic idioms that make it easy to navigate, search, and modify the tree.

A well-formed XML/HTML document yields a well-formed data structure. An ill-formed XML/HTML document yields a correspondingly ill-formed data structure. If your document is only locally well-formed, you can use this library to find and process the well-formed part of it.

Beautiful Soup works with Python 2.2 and up. It has no external dependencies, but you'll have more success at converting data to UTF-8 if you also install these three packages:

* chardet, for auto-detecting character encodings

• http://chardet.feedparser.org/

* cjkcodecs and iconv_codec, which add more encodings to the ones supported

• by stock Python.

  http://cjkpython.i18n.org/

Beautiful Soup defines classes for two main parsing strategies:

• BeautifulStoneSoup, for parsing XML, SGML, or your domain-specific

  • language that kind of looks like XML.

• BeautifulSoup, for parsing run-of-the-mill HTML code, be it valid

  • or invalid. This class has web browser-like heuristics for obtaining a sensible parse tree in the face of common HTML errors.

Beautiful Soup also defines a class (UnicodeDammit) for autodetecting the encoding of an HTML or XML document, and converting it to Unicode. Much of this code is taken from Mark Pilgrim's Universal Feed Parser.

For more than you ever wanted to know about Beautiful Soup, see the documentation: http://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/documentation.html

Here, have some legalese:

Copyright (c) 2004-2008, Leonard Richardson

All rights reserved.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:

• Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  • notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
• Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
  • copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
• Neither the name of the the Beautiful Soup Consortium and All
  • Night Kosher Bakery nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.

THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE, DAMMIT.

""" from future import generators

author = "Leonard Richardson (leonardr@segfault.org)" version = "3.0.7a" copyright = "Copyright (c) 2004-2008 Leonard Richardson" license = "New-style BSD"

from sgmllib import SGMLParser, SGMLParseError import codecs import markupbase import types import re import sgmllib try:

• from htmlentitydefs import name2codepoint

except ImportError:

• name2codepoint = {}

try:

• set

except NameError:

• from sets import Set as set

#These hacks make Beautiful Soup able to parse XML with namespaces sgmllib.tagfind = re.compile('[a-zA-Z][-_.:a-zA-Z0-9]*') markupbase._declname_match = re.compile(r'[a-zA-Z][-_.:a-zA-Z0-9]*\s*').match

DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING = "utf-8"

# First, the classes that represent markup elements.

class PageElement:

• """Contains the navigational information for some part of the page (either a tag or a piece of text)""" def setup(self, parent=None, previous=None):
  • """Sets up the initial relations between this element and other elements.""" self.parent = parent self.previous = previous self.next = None self.previousSibling = None self.nextSibling = None if self.parent and self.parent.contents:
    • self.previousSibling = self.parent.contents[-1] self.previousSibling.nextSibling = self
  def replaceWith(self, replaceWith):
  • oldParent = self.parent myIndex = self.parent.contents.index(self) if hasattr(replaceWith, 'parent') and replaceWith.parent == self.parent:
    • # We're replacing this element with one of its siblings. index = self.parent.contents.index(replaceWith)

      if index and index < myIndex:

      • # Furthermore, it comes before this element. That # means that when we extract it, the index of this # element will change. myIndex = myIndex - 1
    self.extract() oldParent.insert(myIndex, replaceWith)
  def extract(self):
  • """Destructively rips this element out of the tree.""" if self.parent:
    • try:
      • self.parent.contents.remove(self)

      except ValueError:

      • pass
    #Find the two elements that would be next to each other if #this element (and any children) hadn't been parsed. Connect #the two. lastChild = self._lastRecursiveChild() nextElement = lastChild.next if self.previous:
    • self.previous.next = nextElement
    if nextElement:
    • nextElement.previous = self.previous
    self.previous = None lastChild.next = None self.parent = None if self.previousSibling:
    • self.previousSibling.nextSibling = self.nextSibling
    if self.nextSibling:
    • self.nextSibling.previousSibling = self.previousSibling
    self.previousSibling = self.nextSibling = None return self
  def _lastRecursiveChild(self):
  • "Finds the last element beneath this object to be parsed." lastChild = self while hasattr(lastChild, 'contents') and lastChild.contents:
    • lastChild = lastChild.contents[-1]
    return lastChild
  def insert(self, position, newChild):
  • if (isinstance(newChild, basestring)
    • or isinstance(newChild, unicode)) \

      and not isinstance(newChild, NavigableString): newChild = NavigableString(newChild)

    position = min(position, len(self.contents)) if hasattr(newChild, 'parent') and newChild.parent != None:
    • # We're 'inserting' an element that's already one # of this object's children. if newChild.parent == self:
      • index = self.find(newChild)

        if index and index < position:

        • # Furthermore we're moving it further down the # list of this object's children. That means that # when we extract this element, our target index # will jump down one. position = position - 1
      newChild.extract()
    newChild.parent = self previousChild = None if position == 0:
    • newChild.previousSibling = None newChild.previous = self
    else:
    • previousChild = self.contents[position-1] newChild.previousSibling = previousChild newChild.previousSibling.nextSibling = newChild newChild.previous = previousChild._lastRecursiveChild()
    if newChild.previous:
    • newChild.previous.next = newChild
    newChildsLastElement = newChild._lastRecursiveChild()

    if position >= len(self.contents):

    • newChild.nextSibling = None parent = self parentsNextSibling = None while not parentsNextSibling:
      • parentsNextSibling = parent.nextSibling parent = parent.parent if not parent: # This is the last element in the document.
        • break
      if parentsNextSibling:
      • newChildsLastElement.next = parentsNextSibling
      else:
      • newChildsLastElement.next = None
    else:
    • nextChild = self.contents[position] newChild.nextSibling = nextChild if newChild.nextSibling:
      • newChild.nextSibling.previousSibling = newChild
      newChildsLastElement.next = nextChild
    if newChildsLastElement.next:
    • newChildsLastElement.next.previous = newChildsLastElement
    self.contents.insert(position, newChild)
  def append(self, tag):
  • """Appends the given tag to the contents of this tag.""" self.insert(len(self.contents), tag)
  def findNext(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None, **kwargs):
  • """Returns the first item that matches the given criteria and appears after this Tag in the document.""" return self._findOne(self.findAllNext, name, attrs, text, **kwargs)
  def findAllNext(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None, limit=None,
  • *kwargs):
  • """Returns all items that match the given criteria and appear after this Tag in the document.""" return self._findAll(name, attrs, text, limit, self.nextGenerator,
    • *kwargs)
  def findNextSibling(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None, **kwargs):
  • """Returns the closest sibling to this Tag that matches the given criteria and appears after this Tag in the document.""" return self._findOne(self.findNextSiblings, name, attrs, text,
    • *kwargs)
  def findNextSiblings(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None, limit=None,
  • *kwargs):
  • """Returns the siblings of this Tag that match the given criteria and appear after this Tag in the document.""" return self._findAll(name, attrs, text, limit,
    • self.nextSiblingGenerator, **kwargs)
  fetchNextSiblings = findNextSiblings # Compatibility with pre-3.x def findPrevious(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None, **kwargs):
  • """Returns the first item that matches the given criteria and appears before this Tag in the document.""" return self._findOne(self.findAllPrevious, name, attrs, text, **kwargs)
  def findAllPrevious(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None, limit=None,
  • *kwargs):
  • """Returns all items that match the given criteria and appear before this Tag in the document.""" return self._findAll(name, attrs, text, limit, self.previousGenerator,
    • *kwargs)
  fetchPrevious = findAllPrevious # Compatibility with pre-3.x def findPreviousSibling(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None, **kwargs):
  • """Returns the closest sibling to this Tag that matches the given criteria and appears before this Tag in the document.""" return self._findOne(self.findPreviousSiblings, name, attrs, text,
    • *kwargs)
  def findPreviousSiblings(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None,
  • limit=None, **kwargs):
  • """Returns the siblings of this Tag that match the given criteria and appear before this Tag in the document.""" return self._findAll(name, attrs, text, limit,
    • self.previousSiblingGenerator, **kwargs)
  fetchPreviousSiblings = findPreviousSiblings # Compatibility with pre-3.x def findParent(self, name=None, attrs={}, **kwargs):
  • """Returns the closest parent of this Tag that matches the given criteria.""" # NOTE: We can't use _findOne because findParents takes a different # set of arguments. r = None l = self.findParents(name, attrs, 1) if l:
    • r = l[0]
    return r
  def findParents(self, name=None, attrs={}, limit=None, **kwargs):
  • """Returns the parents of this Tag that match the given criteria.""" return self._findAll(name, attrs, None, limit, self.parentGenerator,
    • *kwargs)
  fetchParents = findParents # Compatibility with pre-3.x #These methods do the real heavy lifting. def _findOne(self, method, name, attrs, text, **kwargs):
  • r = None l = method(name, attrs, text, 1, **kwargs) if l:
    • r = l[0]
    return r
  def _findAll(self, name, attrs, text, limit, generator, **kwargs):
  • "Iterates over a generator looking for things that match."

    if isinstance(name, SoupStrainer):

    • strainer = name
    else:

    • # Build a SoupStrainer strainer = SoupStrainer(name, attrs, text, **kwargs)

    results = ResultSet(strainer) g = generator() while True:

    • try:
      • i = g.next()

      except StopIteration:

      • break
      if i:
      • found = strainer.search(i) if found:
        • results.append(found)

          if limit and len(results) >= limit:

          • break
    return results
  #These Generators can be used to navigate starting from both

  #NavigableStrings and Tags. def nextGenerator(self):

  • i = self while i:
    • i = i.next yield i
  def nextSiblingGenerator(self):
  • i = self while i:
    • i = i.nextSibling yield i
  def previousGenerator(self):
  • i = self while i:
    • i = i.previous yield i
  def previousSiblingGenerator(self):
  • i = self while i:
    • i = i.previousSibling yield i
  def parentGenerator(self):
  • i = self while i:
    • i = i.parent yield i
  # Utility methods def substituteEncoding(self, str, encoding=None):
  • encoding = encoding or "utf-8" return str.replace("%SOUP-ENCODING%", encoding)
  def toEncoding(self, s, encoding=None):
  • """Encodes an object to a string in some encoding, or to Unicode.
  • """ if isinstance(s, unicode):
    • if encoding:
      • s = s.encode(encoding)
    elif isinstance(s, str):
    • if encoding:
      • s = s.encode(encoding)
      else:
      • s = unicode(s)
    else:
    • if encoding:
      • s = self.toEncoding(str(s), encoding)
      else:
      • s = unicode(s)
    return s

class NavigableString(unicode, PageElement):

• def new(cls, value):

  • """Create a new NavigableString.

    When unpickling a NavigableString, this method is called with the string in DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING. That encoding needs to be passed in to the superclass's new or the superclass won't know how to handle non-ASCII characters. """ if isinstance(value, unicode):

    • return unicode.new(cls, value)

    return unicode.new(cls, value, DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING)

  def getnewargs(self):

  • return (NavigableString.str(self),)

  def getattr(self, attr):

  • """text.string gives you text. This is for backwards compatibility for Navigable*String, but for CData* it lets you get the string without the CData wrapper.""" if attr == 'string':
    • return self
    else:

    • raise AttributeError, "'%s' object has no attribute '%s'" % (self.class.name, attr)

  def unicode(self):

  • return str(self).decode(DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING)

  def str(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING):

  • if encoding:
    • return self.encode(encoding)
    else:
    • return self

class CData(NavigableString):

• def str(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING):

  • return "<![CDATA[%s]]>" % NavigableString.str(self, encoding)

class ProcessingInstruction(NavigableString):

• def str(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING):

  • output = self if "%SOUP-ENCODING%" in output:
    • output = self.substituteEncoding(output, encoding)

    return "<?%s?>" % self.toEncoding(output, encoding)

class Comment(NavigableString):

• def str(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING):

  • return "<!--%s-->" % NavigableString.str(self, encoding)

class Declaration(NavigableString):

• def str(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING):

  • return "<!%s>" % NavigableString.str(self, encoding)

class Tag(PageElement):

• """Represents a found HTML tag with its attributes and contents.""" def _invert(h):
  • "Cheap function to invert a hash." i = {} for k,v in h.items():
    • i[v] = k
    return i
  XML_ENTITIES_TO_SPECIAL_CHARS = { "apos" : "'",
  • "quot" : '"',

    "amp" : "&", "lt" : "<", "gt" : ">" }

  XML_SPECIAL_CHARS_TO_ENTITIES = _invert(XML_ENTITIES_TO_SPECIAL_CHARS) def _convertEntities(self, match):
  • """Used in a call to re.sub to replace HTML, XML, and numeric entities with the appropriate Unicode characters. If HTML entities are being converted, any unrecognized entities are escaped.""" x = match.group(1) if self.convertHTMLEntities and x in name2codepoint:
    • return unichr(name2codepoint[x])
    elif x in self.XML_ENTITIES_TO_SPECIAL_CHARS:
    • if self.convertXMLEntities:
      • return self.XML_ENTITIES_TO_SPECIAL_CHARS[x]
      else:

      • return u'&%s;' % x

    elif len(x) > 0 and x[0] == '#':

    • # Handle numeric entities

      if len(x) > 1 and x[1] == 'x':

      • return unichr(int(x[2:], 16))
      else:
      • return unichr(int(x[1:]))
    elif self.escapeUnrecognizedEntities:

    • return u'&%s;' % x

    else:

    • return u'&%s;' % x

  def init(self, parser, name, attrs=None, parent=None,

  • previous=None):
  • "Basic constructor." # We don't actually store the parser object: that lets extracted # chunks be garbage-collected

    self.parserClass = parser.class self.isSelfClosing = parser.isSelfClosingTag(name) self.name = name if attrs == None:

    • attrs = []
    self.attrs = attrs self.contents = [] self.setup(parent, previous) self.hidden = False self.containsSubstitutions = False self.convertHTMLEntities = parser.convertHTMLEntities self.convertXMLEntities = parser.convertXMLEntities self.escapeUnrecognizedEntities = parser.escapeUnrecognizedEntities # Convert any HTML, XML, or numeric entities in the attribute values. convert = lambda(k, val): (k,

    • re.sub("&(#\d+|#x[0-9a-fA-F]+|\w+);",

      • self._convertEntities, val))
    self.attrs = map(convert, self.attrs)
  def get(self, key, default=None):
  • """Returns the value of the 'key' attribute for the tag, or the value given for 'default' if it doesn't have that attribute.""" return self._getAttrMap().get(key, default)
  def has_key(self, key):
  • return self._getAttrMap().has_key(key)

  def getitem(self, key):

  • """tag[key] returns the value of the 'key' attribute for the tag, and throws an exception if it's not there.""" return self._getAttrMap()[key]

  def iter(self):

  • "Iterating over a tag iterates over its contents." return iter(self.contents)

  def len(self):

  • "The length of a tag is the length of its list of contents." return len(self.contents)

  def contains(self, x):

  • return x in self.contents

  def nonzero(self):

  • "A tag is non-None even if it has no contents." return True

  def setitem(self, key, value):

  • """Setting tag[key] sets the value of the 'key' attribute for the tag.""" self._getAttrMap() self.attrMap[key] = value found = False for i in range(0, len(self.attrs)):
    • if self.attrs[i][0] == key:
      • self.attrs[i] = (key, value) found = True
    if not found:
    • self.attrs.append((key, value))
    self._getAttrMap()[key] = value

  def delitem(self, key):

  • "Deleting tag[key] deletes all 'key' attributes for the tag." for item in self.attrs:
    • if item[0] == key:
      • self.attrs.remove(item) #We don't break because bad HTML can define the same #attribute multiple times.
      self._getAttrMap() if self.attrMap.has_key(key):
      • del self.attrMap[key]

  def call(self, *args, **kwargs):

  • """Calling a tag like a function is the same as calling its findAll() method. Eg. tag('a') returns a list of all the A tags found within this tag.""" return apply(self.findAll, args, kwargs)

  def getattr(self, tag):

  • #print "Getattr %s.%s" % (self.class, tag) if len(tag) > 3 and tag.rfind('Tag') == len(tag)-3:

    • return self.find(tag[:-3])

    elif tag.find('') != 0:

    • return self.find(tag)

    raise AttributeError, "'%s' object has no attribute '%s'" % (self.class, tag)

  def eq(self, other):

  • """Returns true iff this tag has the same name, the same attributes, and the same contents (recursively) as the given tag. NOTE: right now this will return false if two tags have the same attributes in a different order. Should this be fixed?""" if not hasattr(other, 'name') or not hasattr(other, 'attrs') or not hasattr(other, 'contents') or self.name != other.name or self.attrs != other.attrs or len(self) != len(other):
    • return False
    for i in range(0, len(self.contents)):
    • if self.contents[i] != other.contents[i]:
      • return False
    return True

  def ne(self, other):

  • """Returns true iff this tag is not identical to the other tag,

    as defined in eq.""" return not self == other

  def repr(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING):

  • """Renders this tag as a string."""

    return self.str(encoding)

  def unicode(self):

  • return self.str(None)

  BARE_AMPERSAND_OR_BRACKET = re.compile("([<>]|"

  • + "&(?!#\d+;|#x[0-9a-fA-F]+;|\w+;)" + ")")

  def _sub_entity(self, x):
  • """Used with a regular expression to substitute the appropriate XML entity for an XML special character."""

    return "&" + self.XML_SPECIAL_CHARS_TO_ENTITIES[x.group(0)[0]] + ";"

  def str(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING,

  • prettyPrint=False, indentLevel=0):
  • """Returns a string or Unicode representation of this tag and its contents. To get Unicode, pass None for encoding. NOTE: since Python's HTML parser consumes whitespace, this method is not certain to reproduce the whitespace present in the original string.""" encodedName = self.toEncoding(self.name, encoding) attrs = [] if self.attrs:
    • for key, val in self.attrs:
      • fmt = '%s="%s"' if isString(val):
        • if self.containsSubstitutions and '%SOUP-ENCODING%' in val:
          • val = self.substituteEncoding(val, encoding)
          # The attribute value either: # # * Contains no embedded double quotes or single quotes. # No problem: we enclose it in double quotes. # * Contains embedded single quotes. No problem: # double quotes work here too. # * Contains embedded double quotes. No problem: # we enclose it in single quotes. # * Embeds both single _and_ double quotes. This # can't happen naturally, but it can happen if # you modify an attribute value after parsing # the document. Now we have a bit of a # problem. We solve it by enclosing the # attribute in single quotes, and escaping any # embedded single quotes to XML entities. if '"' in val:
          • fmt = "%s='%s'" if "'" in val:
            • # TODO: replace with apos when # appropriate.

              val = val.replace("'", "&squot;")

          # Now we're okay w/r/t quotes. But the attribute # value might also contain angle brackets, or # ampersands that aren't part of entities. We need # to escape those to XML entities too. val = self.BARE_AMPERSAND_OR_BRACKET.sub(self._sub_entity, val)
        attrs.append(fmt % (self.toEncoding(key, encoding),
        • self.toEncoding(val, encoding)))

    close = closeTag = if self.isSelfClosing:

    • close = ' /'
    else:

    • closeTag = '</%s>' % encodedName

    indentTag, indentContents = 0, 0 if prettyPrint:
    • indentTag = indentLevel space = (' ' * (indentTag-1)) indentContents = indentTag + 1
    contents = self.renderContents(encoding, prettyPrint, indentContents) if self.hidden:
    • s = contents
    else:
    • s = []

      attributeString = if attrs:

      • attributeString = ' ' + ' '.join(attrs)
      if prettyPrint:
      • s.append(space)

      s.append('<%s%s%s>' % (encodedName, attributeString, close)) if prettyPrint:

      • s.append("\n")
      s.append(contents) if prettyPrint and contents and contents[-1] != "\n":
      • s.append("\n")
      if prettyPrint and closeTag:
      • s.append(space)
      s.append(closeTag) if prettyPrint and closeTag and self.nextSibling:
      • s.append("\n")

      s = .join(s)

    return s
  def decompose(self):
  • """Recursively destroys the contents of this tree.""" contents = [i for i in self.contents] for i in contents:
    • if isinstance(i, Tag):
      • i.decompose()
      else:
      • i.extract()
    self.extract()
  def prettify(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING):

  • return self.str(encoding, True)

  def renderContents(self, encoding=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_ENCODING,
  • prettyPrint=False, indentLevel=0):
  • """Renders the contents of this tag as a string in the given encoding. If encoding is None, returns a Unicode string..""" s=[] for c in self:
    • text = None

      if isinstance(c, NavigableString):

      • text = c.str(encoding)

      elif isinstance(c, Tag):

      • s.append(c.str(encoding, prettyPrint, indentLevel))

      if text and prettyPrint:
      • text = text.strip()
      if text:
      • if prettyPrint:
        • s.append(" " * (indentLevel-1))
        s.append(text) if prettyPrint:
        • s.append("\n")

    return .join(s)

  #Soup methods def find(self, name=None, attrs={}, recursive=True, text=None,
  • *kwargs):
  • """Return only the first child of this Tag matching the given criteria.""" r = None l = self.findAll(name, attrs, recursive, text, 1, **kwargs) if l:
    • r = l[0]
    return r
  findChild = find def findAll(self, name=None, attrs={}, recursive=True, text=None,
  • limit=None, **kwargs):
  • """Extracts a list of Tag objects that match the given criteria. You can specify the name of the Tag and any attributes you want the Tag to have. The value of a key-value pair in the 'attrs' map can be a string, a list of strings, a regular expression object, or a callable that takes a string and returns whether or not the string matches for some custom definition of 'matches'. The same is true of the tag name.""" generator = self.recursiveChildGenerator if not recursive:
    • generator = self.childGenerator
    return self._findAll(name, attrs, text, limit, generator, **kwargs)
  findChildren = findAll # Pre-3.x compatibility methods first = find fetch = findAll def fetchText(self, text=None, recursive=True, limit=None):
  • return self.findAll(text=text, recursive=recursive, limit=limit)
  def firstText(self, text=None, recursive=True):
  • return self.find(text=text, recursive=recursive)
  #Private methods def _getAttrMap(self):
  • """Initializes a map representation of this tag's attributes, if not already initialized.""" if not getattr(self, 'attrMap'):
    • self.attrMap = {} for (key, value) in self.attrs:
      • self.attrMap[key] = value
    return self.attrMap
  #Generator methods def childGenerator(self):
  • for i in range(0, len(self.contents)):
    • yield self.contents[i]

    raise StopIteration

  def recursiveChildGenerator(self):
  • stack = [(self, 0)] while stack:
    • tag, start = stack.pop() if isinstance(tag, Tag):
      • for i in range(start, len(tag.contents)):
        • a = tag.contents[i] yield a if isinstance(a, Tag) and tag.contents:

          • if i < len(tag.contents) - 1:

            • stack.append((tag, i+1))
            stack.append((a, 0)) break

    raise StopIteration

# Next, a couple classes to represent queries and their results. class SoupStrainer:

• """Encapsulates a number of ways of matching a markup element (tag or text)."""

  def init(self, name=None, attrs={}, text=None, **kwargs):

  • self.name = name if isString(attrs):
    • kwargs['class'] = attrs attrs = None
    if kwargs:
    • if attrs:
      • attrs = attrs.copy() attrs.update(kwargs)
      else:
      • attrs = kwargs
    self.attrs = attrs self.text = text

  def str(self):

  • if self.text:
    • return self.text
    else:
    • return "%s|%s" % (self.name, self.attrs)
  def searchTag(self, markupName=None, markupAttrs={}):
  • found = None markup = None if isinstance(markupName, Tag):
    • markup = markupName markupAttrs = markup
    callFunctionWithTagData = callable(self.name) \
    • and not isinstance(markupName, Tag)
    if (not self.name) \
    • or callFunctionWithTagData \ or (markup and self._matches(markup, self.name)) \ or (not markup and self._matches(markupName, self.name)):
    • if callFunctionWithTagData:
      • match = self.name(markupName, markupAttrs)
      else:
      • match = True markupAttrMap = None for attr, matchAgainst in self.attrs.items():
        • if not markupAttrMap:
          • if hasattr(markupAttrs, 'get'):
            • markupAttrMap = markupAttrs
            else:
            • markupAttrMap = {} for k,v in markupAttrs:
              • markupAttrMap[k] = v
          attrValue = markupAttrMap.get(attr) if not self._matches(attrValue, matchAgainst):
          • match = False break
      if match:
      • if markup:
        • found = markup
        else:
        • found = markupName
    return found
  def search(self, markup):
  • #print 'looking for %s in %s' % (self, markup) found = None # If given a list of items, scan it for a text element that # matches. if isList(markup) and not isinstance(markup, Tag):
    • for element in markup:

      • if isinstance(element, NavigableString) \

        • and self.search(element):
        • found = element break
    # If it's a Tag, make sure its name or attributes match. # Don't bother with Tags if we're searching for text. elif isinstance(markup, Tag):
    • if not self.text:
      • found = self.searchTag(markup)
    # If it's text, make sure the text matches.

    elif isinstance(markup, NavigableString) or \

    • isString(markup):
    • if self._matches(markup, self.text):
      • found = markup
    else:
    • raise Exception, "I don't know how to match against a %s" \

      • % markup.class

    return found
  def _matches(self, markup, matchAgainst):
  • #print "Matching %s against %s" % (markup, matchAgainst) result = False

    if matchAgainst == True and type(matchAgainst) == types.BooleanType:

    • result = markup != None
    elif callable(matchAgainst):
    • result = matchAgainst(markup)
    else:
    • #Custom match methods take the tag as an argument, but all #other ways of matching match the tag name as a string. if isinstance(markup, Tag):
      • markup = markup.name
      if markup and not isString(markup):
      • markup = unicode(markup)
      #Now we know that chunk is either a string, or None. if hasattr(matchAgainst, 'match'):
      • # It's a regexp object. result = markup and matchAgainst.search(markup)
      elif isList(matchAgainst):
      • result = markup in matchAgainst
      elif hasattr(matchAgainst, 'items'):
      • result = markup.has_key(matchAgainst)
      elif matchAgainst and isString(markup):
      • if isinstance(markup, unicode):
        • matchAgainst = unicode(matchAgainst)
        else:
        • matchAgainst = str(matchAgainst)
      if not result:
      • result = matchAgainst == markup
    return result

class ResultSet(list):

• """A ResultSet is just a list that keeps track of the SoupStrainer that created it.""" def init(self, source):

  • list.init([]) self.source = source

# Now, some helper functions.

def isList(l):

• """Convenience method that works with all 2.x versions of Python to determine whether or not something is listlike."""

  return hasattr(l, 'iter') \

  • or (type(l) in (types.ListType, types.TupleType))

def isString(s):

• """Convenience method that works with all 2.x versions of Python to determine whether or not something is stringlike.""" try:
  • return isinstance(s, unicode) or isinstance(s, basestring)

  except NameError:

  • return isinstance(s, str)

def buildTagMap(default, *args):

• """Turns a list of maps, lists, or scalars into a single map. Used to build the SELF_CLOSING_TAGS, NESTABLE_TAGS, and NESTING_RESET_TAGS maps out of lists and partial maps.""" built = {} for portion in args:
  • if hasattr(portion, 'items'):
    • #It's a map. Merge it. for k,v in portion.items():
      • built[k] = v
    elif isList(portion):
    • #It's a list. Map each item to the default. for k in portion:
      • built[k] = default
    else:
    • #It's a scalar. Map it to the default. built[portion] = default
  return built

# Now, the parser classes.

class BeautifulStoneSoup(Tag, SGMLParser):

• """This class contains the basic parser and search code. It defines a parser that knows nothing about tag behavior except for the following:
  • You can't close a tag without closing all the tags it encloses.

    That is, "<foo><bar></foo>" actually means "<foo><bar></bar></foo>".

  [Another possible explanation is "<foo><bar /></foo>", but since this class defines no SELF_CLOSING_TAGS, it will never use that explanation.] This class is useful for parsing XML or made-up markup languages,

  or when BeautifulSoup makes an assumption counter to what you were expecting.""" SELF_CLOSING_TAGS = {} NESTABLE_TAGS = {} RESET_NESTING_TAGS = {} QUOTE_TAGS = {} PRESERVE_WHITESPACE_TAGS = []

  MARKUP_MASSAGE = [(re.compile('(<[^<>]*)/>'),

  • lambda x: x.group(1) + ' />'),

  • (re.compile('<!\s+([^<>]*)>'),

    • lambda x: '<!' + x.group(1) + '>')

    ]
  ROOT_TAG_NAME = u'[document]' HTML_ENTITIES = "html" XML_ENTITIES = "xml" XHTML_ENTITIES = "xhtml" # TODO: This only exists for backwards-compatibility ALL_ENTITIES = XHTML_ENTITIES # Used when determining whether a text node is all whitespace and # can be replaced with a single space. A text node that contains # fancy Unicode spaces (usually non-breaking) should be left # alone. STRIP_ASCII_SPACES = { 9: None, 10: None, 12: None, 13: None, 32: None, }

  def init(self, markup="", parseOnlyThese=None, fromEncoding=None,

  • markupMassage=True, smartQuotesTo=XML_ENTITIES, convertEntities=None, selfClosingTags=None, isHTML=False):
  • """The Soup object is initialized as the 'root tag', and the provided markup (which can be a string or a file-like object) is fed into the underlying parser.

    sgmllib will process most bad HTML, and the BeautifulSoup class has some tricks for dealing with some HTML that kills sgmllib, but Beautiful Soup can nonetheless choke or lose data if your data uses self-closing tags or declarations incorrectly. By default, Beautiful Soup uses regexes to sanitize input, avoiding the vast majority of these problems. If the problems don't apply to you, pass in False for markupMassage, and you'll get better performance. The default parser massage techniques fix the two most common instances of invalid HTML that choke sgmllib:

    • <br/> (No space between name of closing tag and tag close) <! --Comment--> (Extraneous whitespace in declaration)

    You can pass in a custom list of (RE object, replace method) tuples to get Beautiful Soup to scrub your input the way you want.""" self.parseOnlyThese = parseOnlyThese self.fromEncoding = fromEncoding self.smartQuotesTo = smartQuotesTo self.convertEntities = convertEntities # Set the rules for how we'll deal with the entities we # encounter if self.convertEntities:
    • # It doesn't make sense to convert encoded characters to # entities even while you're converting entities to Unicode. # Just convert it all to Unicode. self.smartQuotesTo = None if convertEntities == self.HTML_ENTITIES:
      • self.convertXMLEntities = False self.convertHTMLEntities = True self.escapeUnrecognizedEntities = True
      elif convertEntities == self.XHTML_ENTITIES:
      • self.convertXMLEntities = True self.convertHTMLEntities = True self.escapeUnrecognizedEntities = False
      elif convertEntities == self.XML_ENTITIES:
      • self.convertXMLEntities = True self.convertHTMLEntities = False self.escapeUnrecognizedEntities = False
    else:
    • self.convertXMLEntities = False self.convertHTMLEntities = False self.escapeUnrecognizedEntities = False
    self.instanceSelfClosingTags = buildTagMap(None, selfClosingTags)

    SGMLParser.init(self) if hasattr(markup, 'read'): # It's a file-type object.

    • markup = markup.read()
    self.markup = markup self.markupMassage = markupMassage try:
    • self._feed(isHTML=isHTML)

    except StopParsing:

    • pass
    self.markup = None # The markup can now be GCed
  def convert_charref(self, name):
  • """This method fixes a bug in Python's SGMLParser.""" try:
    • n = int(name)

    except ValueError:

    • return

    if not 0 <= n <= 127 : # ASCII ends at 127, not 255

    • return
    return self.convert_codepoint(n)
  def _feed(self, inDocumentEncoding=None, isHTML=False):
  • # Convert the document to Unicode. markup = self.markup if isinstance(markup, unicode):
    • if not hasattr(self, 'originalEncoding'):
      • self.originalEncoding = None
    else:

    • dammit = UnicodeDammit\

      • (markup, [self.fromEncoding, inDocumentEncoding],
        • smartQuotesTo=self.smartQuotesTo, isHTML=isHTML)
      markup = dammit.unicode self.originalEncoding = dammit.originalEncoding self.declaredHTMLEncoding = dammit.declaredHTMLEncoding
    if markup:
    • if self.markupMassage:
      • if not isList(self.markupMassage):
        • self.markupMassage = self.MARKUP_MASSAGE
        for fix, m in self.markupMassage:
        • markup = fix.sub(m, markup)
        # TODO: We get rid of markupMassage so that the # soup object can be deepcopied later on. Some # Python installations can't copy regexes. If anyone # was relying on the existence of markupMassage, this # might cause problems. del(self.markupMassage)
    self.reset() SGMLParser.feed(self, markup) # Close out any unfinished strings and close all the open tags. self.endData() while self.currentTag.name != self.ROOT_TAG_NAME:
    • self.popTag()

  def getattr(self, methodName):

  • """This method routes method call requests to either the SGMLParser superclass or the Tag superclass, depending on the method name."""

    #print "getattr called on %s.%s" % (self.class, methodName) if methodName.find('start_') == 0 or methodName.find('end_') == 0 \

    • or methodName.find('do_') == 0:

    • return SGMLParser.getattr(self, methodName)

    elif methodName.find('') != 0:

    • return Tag.getattr(self, methodName)

    else:

    • raise AttributeError

  def isSelfClosingTag(self, name):
  • """Returns true iff the given string is the name of a self-closing tag according to this parser.""" return self.SELF_CLOSING_TAGS.has_key(name) \
    • or self.instanceSelfClosingTags.has_key(name)
  def reset(self):

  • Tag.init(self, self, self.ROOT_TAG_NAME) self.hidden = 1 SGMLParser.reset(self) self.currentData = [] self.currentTag = None self.tagStack = [] self.quoteStack = [] self.pushTag(self)

  def popTag(self):
  • tag = self.tagStack.pop() # Tags with just one string-owning child get the child as a # 'string' property, so that soup.tag.string is shorthand for # soup.tag.contents[0] if len(self.currentTag.contents) == 1 and \

    • isinstance(self.currentTag.contents[0], NavigableString):

      • self.currentTag.string = self.currentTag.contents[0]
    #print "Pop", tag.name if self.tagStack:
    • self.currentTag = self.tagStack[-1]
    return self.currentTag
  def pushTag(self, tag):
  • #print "Push", tag.name if self.currentTag:
    • self.currentTag.contents.append(tag)
    self.tagStack.append(tag) self.currentTag = self.tagStack[-1]

  def endData(self, containerClass=NavigableString):

  • if self.currentData:

    • currentData = u.join(self.currentData) if (currentData.translate(self.STRIP_ASCII_SPACES) == and

      • not set([tag.name for tag in self.tagStack]).intersection(
        • self.PRESERVE_WHITESPACE_TAGS)):
        if '\n' in currentData:
        • currentData = '\n'
        else:
        • currentData = ' '
      self.currentData = []

      if self.parseOnlyThese and len(self.tagStack) <= 1 and \

      • (not self.parseOnlyThese.text or \
        • not self.parseOnlyThese.search(currentData)):
      • return
      o = containerClass(currentData) o.setup(self.currentTag, self.previous) if self.previous:
      • self.previous.next = o
      self.previous = o self.currentTag.contents.append(o)
  def _popToTag(self, name, inclusivePop=True):
  • """Pops the tag stack up to and including the most recent instance of the given tag. If inclusivePop is false, pops the tag stack up to but *not* including the most recent instqance of the given tag.""" #print "Popping to %s" % name if name == self.ROOT_TAG_NAME:
    • return
    numPops = 0 mostRecentTag = None for i in range(len(self.tagStack)-1, 0, -1):
    • if name == self.tagStack[i].name:
      • numPops = len(self.tagStack)-i break
    if not inclusivePop:
    • numPops = numPops - 1
    for i in range(0, numPops):
    • mostRecentTag = self.popTag()
    return mostRecentTag
  def _smartPop(self, name):
  • """We need to pop up to the previous tag of this type, unless one of this tag's nesting reset triggers comes between this tag and the previous tag of this type, OR unless this tag is a generic nesting trigger and another generic nesting trigger comes between this tag and the previous tag of this type. Examples:

    • <p>Foo<b>Bar *<p>* should pop to 'p', not 'b'. <p>Foo<table>Bar *<p>* should pop to 'table', not 'p'. <p>Foo<table><tr>Bar *<p>* should pop to 'tr', not 'p'.

      <li><ul><li> *<li>* should pop to 'ul', not the first 'li'. <tr><table><tr> *<tr>* should pop to 'table', not the first 'tr' <td><tr><td> *<td>* should pop to 'tr', not the first 'td'

    """ nestingResetTriggers = self.NESTABLE_TAGS.get(name) isNestable = nestingResetTriggers != None isResetNesting = self.RESET_NESTING_TAGS.has_key(name) popTo = None inclusive = True for i in range(len(self.tagStack)-1, 0, -1):
    • p = self.tagStack[i] if (not p or p.name == name) and not isNestable:
      • #Non-nestable tags get popped to the top or to their #last occurance. popTo = name break
      if (nestingResetTriggers != None
      • and p.name in nestingResetTriggers) \ or (nestingResetTriggers == None and isResetNesting
        • and self.RESET_NESTING_TAGS.has_key(p.name)):
        #If we encounter one of the nesting reset triggers #peculiar to this tag, or we encounter another tag #that causes nesting to reset, pop up to but not #including that tag. popTo = p.name inclusive = False break
      p = p.parent
    if popTo:
    • self._popToTag(popTo, inclusive)
  def unknown_starttag(self, name, attrs, selfClosing=0):
  • #print "Start tag %s: %s" % (name, attrs) if self.quoteStack:
    • #This is not a real tag.

      #print "<%s> is not real!" % name attrs = .join(map(lambda(x, y): ' %s="%s"' % (x, y), attrs)) self.handle_data('<%s%s>' % (name, attrs)) return

    self.endData() if not self.isSelfClosingTag(name) and not selfClosing:
    • self._smartPop(name)

    if self.parseOnlyThese and len(self.tagStack) <= 1 \

    • and (self.parseOnlyThese.text or not self.parseOnlyThese.searchTag(name, attrs)):
    • return
    tag = Tag(self, name, attrs, self.currentTag, self.previous) if self.previous:
    • self.previous.next = tag
    self.previous = tag self.pushTag(tag) if selfClosing or self.isSelfClosingTag(name):
    • self.popTag()
    if name in self.QUOTE_TAGS:
    • #print "Beginning quote (%s)" % name self.quoteStack.append(name) self.literal = 1
    return tag
  def unknown_endtag(self, name):
  • #print "End tag %s" % name if self.quoteStack and self.quoteStack[-1] != name:
    • #This is not a real end tag.

      #print "</%s> is not real!" % name self.handle_data('</%s>' % name) return

    self.endData() self._popToTag(name) if self.quoteStack and self.quoteStack[-1] == name:
    • self.quoteStack.pop()

      self.literal = (len(self.quoteStack) > 0)

  def handle_data(self, data):
  • self.currentData.append(data)
  def _toStringSubclass(self, text, subclass):

  • """Adds a certain piece of text to the tree as a NavigableString subclass.""" self.endData() self.handle_data(text) self.endData(subclass)

  def handle_pi(self, text):

  • """Handle a processing instruction as a ProcessingInstruction object, possibly one with a %SOUP-ENCODING% slot into which an encoding will be plugged later.""" if text[:3] == "xml":

    • text = u"xml version='1.0' encoding='%SOUP-ENCODING%'"

    self._toStringSubclass(text, ProcessingInstruction)

  def handle_comment(self, text):
  • "Handle comments as Comment objects." self._toStringSubclass(text, Comment)
  def handle_charref(self, ref):
  • "Handle character references as data." if self.convertEntities:
    • data = unichr(int(ref))
    else:

    • data = '&#%s;' % ref

    self.handle_data(data)
  def handle_entityref(self, ref):
  • """Handle entity references as data, possibly converting known HTML and/or XML entity references to the corresponding Unicode characters.""" data = None if self.convertHTMLEntities:
    • try:
      • data = unichr(name2codepoint[ref])

      except KeyError:

      • pass
    if not data and self.convertXMLEntities:
    • data = self.XML_ENTITIES_TO_SPECIAL_CHARS.get(ref)
    if not data and self.convertHTMLEntities and \
    • not self.XML_ENTITIES_TO_SPECIAL_CHARS.get(ref):
      • # TODO: We've got a problem here. We're told this is # an entity reference, but it's not an XML entity # reference or an HTML entity reference. Nonetheless, # the logical thing to do is to pass it through as an # unrecognized entity reference. #

        # Except: when the input is "&carol;" this function # will be called with input "carol". When the input is # "AT&T", this function will be called with input # "T". We have no way of knowing whether a semicolon # was present originally, so we don't know whether # this is an unknown entity or just a misplaced # ampersand. # # The more common case is a misplaced ampersand, so I # escape the ampersand and omit the trailing semicolon. data = "&%s" % ref

    if not data:
    • # This case is different from the one above, because we # haven't already gone through a supposedly comprehensive # mapping of entities to Unicode characters. We might not # have gone through any mapping at all. So the chances are # very high that this is a real entity, and not a # misplaced ampersand.

      data = "&%s;" % ref

    self.handle_data(data)
  def handle_decl(self, data):
  • "Handle DOCTYPEs and the like as Declaration objects." self._toStringSubclass(data, Declaration)
  def parse_declaration(self, i):
  • """Treat a bogus SGML declaration as raw data. Treat a CDATA declaration as a CData object.""" j = None

    if self.rawdata[i:i+9] == '<![CDATA[':

    • k = self.rawdata.find(']]>', i) if k == -1:

      • k = len(self.rawdata)
      data = self.rawdata[i+9:k] j = k+3 self._toStringSubclass(data, CData)
    else:
    • try:
      • j = SGMLParser.parse_declaration(self, i)
      except SGMLParseError:
      • toHandle = self.rawdata[i:] self.handle_data(toHandle) j = i + len(toHandle)
    return j

class BeautifulSoup(BeautifulStoneSoup):

• """This parser knows the following facts about HTML:
• Some tags have no closing tag and should be interpreted as being
  • closed as soon as they are encountered.
• The text inside some tags (ie. 'script') may contain tags which
  • are not really part of the document and which should be parsed as text, not tags. If you want to parse the text as tags, you can always fetch it and parse it explicitly.
• Tag nesting rules:
  • Most tags can't be nested at all. For instance, the occurance of

    a <p> tag should implicitly close the previous <p> tag.

    • <p>Para1<p>Para2

      • should be transformed into:

      <p>Para1</p><p>Para2

    Some tags can be nested arbitrarily. For instance, the occurance

    of a <blockquote> tag should _not_ implicitly close the previous <blockquote> tag.

    • Alice said: <blockquote>Bob said: <blockquote>Blah

      • should NOT be transformed into:

      Alice said: <blockquote>Bob said: </blockquote><blockquote>Blah

    Some tags can be nested, but the nesting is reset by the

    interposition of other tags. For instance, a <tr> tag should implicitly close the previous <tr> tag within the same <table>, but not close a <tr> tag in another table.

    • <table><tr>Blah<tr>Blah

      • should be transformed into:

      <table><tr>Blah</tr><tr>Blah

      • but,

      <tr>Blah<table><tr>Blah

      • should NOT be transformed into

      <tr>Blah<table></tr><tr>Blah

  Differing assumptions about tag nesting rules are a major source

  of problems with the BeautifulSoup class. If BeautifulSoup is not treating as nestable a tag your page author treats as nestable, try ICantBelieveItsBeautifulSoup, MinimalSoup, or BeautifulStoneSoup before writing your own subclass."""

  def init(self, *args, **kwargs):

  • if not kwargs.has_key('smartQuotesTo'):
    • kwargs['smartQuotesTo'] = self.HTML_ENTITIES
    kwargs['isHTML'] = True

    BeautifulStoneSoup.init(self, *args, **kwargs)

  SELF_CLOSING_TAGS = buildTagMap(None,
  • ['br' , 'hr', 'input', 'img', 'meta', 'spacer', 'link', 'frame', 'base'])
  PRESERVE_WHITESPACE_TAGS = set(['pre', 'textarea']) QUOTE_TAGS = {'script' : None, 'textarea' : None} #According to the HTML standard, each of these inline tags can #contain another tag of the same type. Furthermore, it's common #to actually use these tags this way. NESTABLE_INLINE_TAGS = ['span', 'font', 'q', 'object', 'bdo', 'sub', 'sup',
  • 'center']
  #According to the HTML standard, these block tags can contain #another tag of the same type. Furthermore, it's common #to actually use these tags this way. NESTABLE_BLOCK_TAGS = ['blockquote', 'div', 'fieldset', 'ins', 'del'] #Lists can contain other lists, but there are restrictions. NESTABLE_LIST_TAGS = { 'ol' : [],
  • 'ul' : [], 'li' : ['ul', 'ol'], 'dl' : [], 'dd' : ['dl'], 'dt' : ['dl'] }
  #Tables can contain other tables, but there are restrictions. NESTABLE_TABLE_TAGS = {'table' : [],
  • 'tr' : ['table', 'tbody', 'tfoot', 'thead'], 'td' : ['tr'], 'th' : ['tr'], 'thead' : ['table'], 'tbody' : ['table'], 'tfoot' : ['table'], }
  NON_NESTABLE_BLOCK_TAGS = ['address', 'form', 'p', 'pre'] #If one of these tags is encountered, all tags up to the next tag of #this type are popped. RESET_NESTING_TAGS = buildTagMap(None, NESTABLE_BLOCK_TAGS, 'noscript',
  • NON_NESTABLE_BLOCK_TAGS, NESTABLE_LIST_TAGS, NESTABLE_TABLE_TAGS)
  NESTABLE_TAGS = buildTagMap([], NESTABLE_INLINE_TAGS, NESTABLE_BLOCK_TAGS,
  • NESTABLE_LIST_TAGS, NESTABLE_TABLE_TAGS)
  # Used to detect the charset in a META tag; see start_meta

  CHARSET_RE = re.compile("((^{|;)\s*charset=)([};]*)", re.M) def start_meta(self, attrs):

  • """Beautiful Soup can detect a charset included in a META tag, try to convert the document to that charset, and re-parse the document from the beginning.""" httpEquiv = None contentType = None contentTypeIndex = None tagNeedsEncodingSubstitution = False for i in range(0, len(attrs)):
    • key, value = attrs[i] key = key.lower() if key == 'http-equiv':
      • httpEquiv = value
      elif key == 'content':
      • contentType = value contentTypeIndex = i
    if httpEquiv and contentType: # It's an interesting meta tag.
    • match = self.CHARSET_RE.search(contentType) if match:
      • if (self.declaredHTMLEncoding is not None or
        • self.originalEncoding == self.fromEncoding): # An HTML encoding was sniffed while converting # the document to Unicode, or an HTML encoding was # sniffed during a previous pass through the # document, or an encoding was specified # explicitly and it worked. Rewrite the meta tag. def rewrite(match):
          • return match.group(1) + "%SOUP-ENCODING%"
          newAttr = self.CHARSET_RE.sub(rewrite, contentType) attrs[contentTypeIndex] = (attrs[contentTypeIndex][0],
          • newAttr)
          tagNeedsEncodingSubstitution = True
        else:
        • # This is our first pass through the document. # Go through it again with the encoding information. newCharset = match.group(3) if newCharset and newCharset != self.originalEncoding:
          • self.declaredHTMLEncoding = newCharset self._feed(self.declaredHTMLEncoding)

            raise StopParsing

          pass
    tag = self.unknown_starttag("meta", attrs) if tag and tagNeedsEncodingSubstitution:
    • tag.containsSubstitutions = True

class StopParsing(Exception):

• pass

class ICantBelieveItsBeautifulSoup(BeautifulSoup):

• """The BeautifulSoup class is oriented towards skipping over common HTML errors like unclosed tags. However, sometimes it makes errors of its own. For instance, consider this fragment:

  • <b>Foo<b>Bar</b></b>

  This is perfectly valid (if bizarre) HTML. However, the

  BeautifulSoup class will implicitly close the first b tag when it encounters the second 'b'. It will think the author wrote "<b>Foo<b>Bar", and didn't close the first 'b' tag, because there's no real-world reason to bold something that's already bold. When it encounters '</b></b>' it will close two more 'b' tags, for a grand total of three tags closed instead of two. This can throw off the rest of your document structure. The same is true of a number of other tags, listed below. It's much more common for someone to forget to close a 'b' tag

  than to actually use nested 'b' tags, and the BeautifulSoup class handles the common case. This class handles the not-co-common case: where you can't believe someone wrote what they did, but it's valid HTML and BeautifulSoup screwed up by assuming it wouldn't be.""" I_CANT_BELIEVE_THEYRE_NESTABLE_INLINE_TAGS = \

  • ['em', 'big', 'i', 'small', 'tt', 'abbr', 'acronym', 'strong',
    • 'cite', 'code', 'dfn', 'kbd', 'samp', 'strong', 'var', 'b', 'big']
  I_CANT_BELIEVE_THEYRE_NESTABLE_BLOCK_TAGS = ['noscript']

  NESTABLE_TAGS = buildTagMap([], BeautifulSoup.NESTABLE_TAGS,

  • I_CANT_BELIEVE_THEYRE_NESTABLE_BLOCK_TAGS, I_CANT_BELIEVE_THEYRE_NESTABLE_INLINE_TAGS)

class MinimalSoup(BeautifulSoup):

• """The MinimalSoup class is for parsing HTML that contains pathologically bad markup. It makes no assumptions about tag nesting, but it does know which tags are self-closing, that <script> tags contain Javascript and should not be parsed, that META tags may contain encoding information, and so on.

  This also makes it better for subclassing than BeautifulStoneSoup or BeautifulSoup.""" RESET_NESTING_TAGS = buildTagMap('noscript') NESTABLE_TAGS = {}

class BeautifulSOAP(BeautifulStoneSoup):

• """This class will push a tag with only a single string child into the tag's parent as an attribute. The attribute's name is the tag name, and the value is the string child. An example should give the flavor of the change:

  <foo><bar>baz</bar></foo>

  • =>

  <foo bar="baz"><bar>baz</bar></foo> You can then access fooTag['bar'] instead of fooTag.barTag.string. This is, of course, useful for scraping structures that tend to use subelements instead of attributes, such as SOAP messages. Note that it modifies its input, so don't print the modified version out. I'm not sure how many people really want to use this class; let me know if you do. Mainly I like the name.""" def popTag(self):

  • if len(self.tagStack) > 1:

    • tag = self.tagStack[-1] parent = self.tagStack[-2] parent._getAttrMap() if (isinstance(tag, Tag) and len(tag.contents) == 1 and

      • isinstance(tag.contents[0], NavigableString) and not parent.attrMap.has_key(tag.name)): parent[tag.name] = tag.contents[0]

    BeautifulStoneSoup.popTag(self)

#Enterprise class names! It has come to our attention that some people #think the names of the Beautiful Soup parser classes are too silly #and "unprofessional" for use in enterprise screen-scraping. We feel #your pain! For such-minded folk, the Beautiful Soup Consortium And #All-Night Kosher Bakery recommends renaming this file to #"RobustParser.py" (or, in cases of extreme enterprisiness, #"RobustParserBeanInterface.class") and using the following #enterprise-friendly class aliases: class RobustXMLParser(BeautifulStoneSoup):

• pass

class RobustHTMLParser(BeautifulSoup):

• pass

class RobustWackAssHTMLParser(ICantBelieveItsBeautifulSoup):

• pass

class RobustInsanelyWackAssHTMLParser(MinimalSoup):

• pass

class SimplifyingSOAPParser(BeautifulSOAP):

• pass

# # Bonus library: Unicode, Dammit # # This class forces XML data into a standard format (usually to UTF-8 # or Unicode). It is heavily based on code from Mark Pilgrim's # Universal Feed Parser. It does not rewrite the XML or HTML to # reflect a new encoding: that happens in BeautifulStoneSoup.handle_pi # (XML) and BeautifulSoup.start_meta (HTML).

# Autodetects character encodings. # Download from http://chardet.feedparser.org/ try:

• import chardet

# import chardet.constants # chardet.constants._debug = 1 except ImportError:

• chardet = None

# cjkcodecs and iconv_codec make Python know about more character encodings. # Both are available from http://cjkpython.i18n.org/ # They're built in if you use Python 2.4. try:

• import cjkcodecs.aliases

except ImportError:

• pass

try:

• import iconv_codec

except ImportError:

• pass

class UnicodeDammit:

• """A class for detecting the encoding of a *ML document and converting it to a Unicode string. If the source encoding is windows-1252, can replace MS smart quotes with their HTML or XML equivalents.""" # This dictionary maps commonly seen values for "charset" in HTML # meta tags to the corresponding Python codec names. It only covers # values that aren't in Python's aliases and can't be determined # by the heuristics in find_codec. CHARSET_ALIASES = { "macintosh" : "mac-roman",
  • "x-sjis" : "shift-jis" }

  def init(self, markup, overrideEncodings=[],

  • smartQuotesTo='xml', isHTML=False):
  • self.declaredHTMLEncoding = None self.markup, documentEncoding, sniffedEncoding = \
    • self._detectEncoding(markup, isHTML)
    self.smartQuotesTo = smartQuotesTo self.triedEncodings = []

    if markup == or isinstance(markup, unicode):

    • self.originalEncoding = None self.unicode = unicode(markup) return
    u = None for proposedEncoding in overrideEncodings:
    • u = self._convertFrom(proposedEncoding) if u: break
    if not u:
    • for proposedEncoding in (documentEncoding, sniffedEncoding):
      • u = self._convertFrom(proposedEncoding) if u: break
    # If no luck and we have auto-detection library, try that: if not u and chardet and not isinstance(self.markup, unicode):
    • u = self._convertFrom(chardet.detect(self.markup)['encoding'])
    # As a last resort, try utf-8 and windows-1252: if not u:
    • for proposed_encoding in ("utf-8", "windows-1252"):
      • u = self._convertFrom(proposed_encoding) if u: break
    self.unicode = u if not u: self.originalEncoding = None
  def _subMSChar(self, orig):
  • """Changes a MS smart quote character to an XML or HTML entity.""" sub = self.MS_CHARS.get(orig)

    if type(sub) == types.TupleType:

    • if self.smartQuotesTo == 'xml':

      • sub = '&#x%s;' % sub[1]

      else:

      • sub = '&%s;' % sub[0]

    return sub
  def _convertFrom(self, proposed):
  • proposed = self.find_codec(proposed) if not proposed or proposed in self.triedEncodings:
    • return None
    self.triedEncodings.append(proposed) markup = self.markup # Convert smart quotes to HTML if coming from an encoding # that might have them. if self.smartQuotesTo and proposed.lower() in("windows-1252",
    • "iso-8859-1", "iso-8859-2"):
    • markup = re.compile("([\x80-\x9f])").sub \
      • (lambda(x): self._subMSChar(x.group(1)),
        • markup)
    try:
    • # print "Trying to convert document to %s" % proposed u = self._toUnicode(markup, proposed) self.markup = u self.originalEncoding = proposed
    except Exception, e:
    • # print "That didn't work!" # print e return None
    #print "Correct encoding: %s" % proposed return self.markup
  def _toUnicode(self, data, encoding):

  • Given a string and its encoding, decodes the string into Unicode. %encoding is a string recognized by encodings.aliases # strip Byte Order Mark (if present)

    if (len(data) >= 4) and (data[:2] == '\xfe\xff') \

    • and (data[2:4] != '\x00\x00'):
    • encoding = 'utf-16be' data = data[2:]

    elif (len(data) >= 4) and (data[:2] == '\xff\xfe') \

    • and (data[2:4] != '\x00\x00'):
    • encoding = 'utf-16le' data = data[2:]
    elif data[:3] == '\xef\xbb\xbf':
    • encoding = 'utf-8' data = data[3:]
    elif data[:4] == '\x00\x00\xfe\xff':
    • encoding = 'utf-32be' data = data[4:]
    elif data[:4] == '\xff\xfe\x00\x00':
    • encoding = 'utf-32le' data = data[4:]
    newdata = unicode(data, encoding) return newdata
  def _detectEncoding(self, xml_data, isHTML=False):
  • """Given a document, tries to detect its XML encoding.""" xml_encoding = sniffed_xml_encoding = None try:
    • if xml_data[:4] == '\x4c\x6f\xa7\x94':
      • # EBCDIC xml_data = self._ebcdic_to_ascii(xml_data)
      elif xml_data[:4] == '\x00\x3c\x00\x3f':
      • # UTF-16BE sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-16be' xml_data = unicode(xml_data, 'utf-16be').encode('utf-8')

      elif (len(xml_data) >= 4) and (xml_data[:2] == '\xfe\xff') \

      • and (xml_data[2:4] != '\x00\x00'):
      • # UTF-16BE with BOM sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-16be' xml_data = unicode(xml_data[2:], 'utf-16be').encode('utf-8')
      elif xml_data[:4] == '\x3c\x00\x3f\x00':
      • # UTF-16LE sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-16le' xml_data = unicode(xml_data, 'utf-16le').encode('utf-8')

      elif (len(xml_data) >= 4) and (xml_data[:2] == '\xff\xfe') and \

      • (xml_data[2:4] != '\x00\x00'):
      • # UTF-16LE with BOM sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-16le' xml_data = unicode(xml_data[2:], 'utf-16le').encode('utf-8')
      elif xml_data[:4] == '\x00\x00\x00\x3c':
      • # UTF-32BE sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-32be' xml_data = unicode(xml_data, 'utf-32be').encode('utf-8')
      elif xml_data[:4] == '\x3c\x00\x00\x00':
      • # UTF-32LE sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-32le' xml_data = unicode(xml_data, 'utf-32le').encode('utf-8')
      elif xml_data[:4] == '\x00\x00\xfe\xff':
      • # UTF-32BE with BOM sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-32be' xml_data = unicode(xml_data[4:], 'utf-32be').encode('utf-8')
      elif xml_data[:4] == '\xff\xfe\x00\x00':
      • # UTF-32LE with BOM sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-32le' xml_data = unicode(xml_data[4:], 'utf-32le').encode('utf-8')
      elif xml_data[:3] == '\xef\xbb\xbf':
      • # UTF-8 with BOM sniffed_xml_encoding = 'utf-8' xml_data = unicode(xml_data[3:], 'utf-8').encode('utf-8')
      else:
      • sniffed_xml_encoding = 'ascii' pass
    except:
    • xml_encoding_match = None
    xml_encoding_match = re.compile(

    • '^<\?.*encoding=[\'"](.*?)[\'"].*\?>').match(xml_data)

    if not xml_encoding_match and isHTML:

    • regexp = re.compile('<\s*meta[^{>]+charset=([}>]*?)[;\'">]', re.I) xml_encoding_match = regexp.search(xml_data)

    if xml_encoding_match is not None:
    • xml_encoding = xml_encoding_match.groups()[0].lower() if isHTML:
      • self.declaredHTMLEncoding = xml_encoding
      if sniffed_xml_encoding and \
      • (xml_encoding in ('iso-10646-ucs-2', 'ucs-2', 'csunicode',
        • 'iso-10646-ucs-4', 'ucs-4', 'csucs4', 'utf-16', 'utf-32', 'utf_16', 'utf_32', 'utf16', 'u16')):
        • xml_encoding = sniffed_xml_encoding
    return xml_data, xml_encoding, sniffed_xml_encoding
  def find_codec(self, charset):
  • return self._codec(self.CHARSET_ALIASES.get(charset, charset)) \
    • or (charset and self._codec(charset.replace("-", ""))) \ or (charset and self._codec(charset.replace("-", "_"))) \ or charset
  def _codec(self, charset):
  • if not charset: return charset codec = None try:
    • codecs.lookup(charset) codec = charset

    except (LookupError, ValueError):

    • pass
    return codec
  EBCDIC_TO_ASCII_MAP = None def _ebcdic_to_ascii(self, s):

  • c = self.class if not c.EBCDIC_TO_ASCII_MAP:

    • emap = (0,1,2,3,156,9,134,127,151,141,142,11,12,13,14,15,
      • 16,17,18,19,157,133,8,135,24,25,146,143,28,29,30,31, 128,129,130,131,132,10,23,27,136,137,138,139,140,5,6,7, 144,145,22,147,148,149,150,4,152,153,154,155,20,21,158,26, 32,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,91,46,60,40,43,33, 38,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,93,36,42,41,59,94, 45,47,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,124,44,37,95,62,63, 186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,96,58,35,64,39,61,34, 195,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,196,197,198,199,200, 201,202,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,203,204,205, 206,207,208,209,126,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,210, 211,212,213,214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224, 225,226,227,228,229,230,231,123,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72, 73,232,233,234,235,236,237,125,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81, 82,238,239,240,241,242,243,92,159,83,84,85,86,87,88,89, 90,244,245,246,247,248,249,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57, 250,251,252,253,254,255)
      import string c.EBCDIC_TO_ASCII_MAP = string.maketrans( \

      .join(map(chr, range(256))), .join(map(chr, emap)))

    return s.translate(c.EBCDIC_TO_ASCII_MAP)
  MS_CHARS = { '\x80' : ('euro', '20AC'),
  • '\x81' : ' ', '\x82' : ('sbquo', '201A'), '\x83' : ('fnof', '192'), '\x84' : ('bdquo', '201E'), '\x85' : ('hellip', '2026'), '\x86' : ('dagger', '2020'), '\x87' : ('Dagger', '2021'), '\x88' : ('circ', '2C6'), '\x89' : ('permil', '2030'), '\x8A' : ('Scaron', '160'), '\x8B' : ('lsaquo', '2039'), '\x8C' : ('OElig', '152'), '\x8D' : '?', '\x8E' : ('#x17D', '17D'), '\x8F' : '?', '\x90' : '?', '\x91' : ('lsquo', '2018'), '\x92' : ('rsquo', '2019'), '\x93' : ('ldquo', '201C'), '\x94' : ('rdquo', '201D'), '\x95' : ('bull', '2022'), '\x96' : ('ndash', '2013'), '\x97' : ('mdash', '2014'), '\x98' : ('tilde', '2DC'), '\x99' : ('trade', '2122'), '\x9a' : ('scaron', '161'), '\x9b' : ('rsaquo', '203A'), '\x9c' : ('oelig', '153'), '\x9d' : '?', '\x9e' : ('#x17E', '17E'),

    '\x9f' : ('Yuml', ),}

#By default, act as an HTML pretty-printer. if name == 'main':

• import sys

  soup = BeautifulSoup(sys.stdin) print soup.prettify()