The UnicodeEncodeError normally happens when encoding a unicode string into a certain coding. Since codings map only a limited number of unicode characters to str strings, a non-presented character will cause the coding-specific encode() to fail.
Paradoxically, a UnicodeEncodeError may happen when _decoding_. The cause of it seems to be the coding-specific decode() functions that normally expect a parameter of type str. It appears that on seeing a unicode parameter, the decode() functions "down-convert" it into str, then decode the result assuming it to be of their own coding. It also appears that the "down-conversion" is performed using the ASCII encoder. Hence a decoding failure inside an encoder.
The choice of the ASCII encoder for "down-conversion" might be considered wise because it is an intersection of all codings. The subsequent decoding may only accept a coding-specific str.
However, unlike a similar issue with UnicodeDecodeError while encoding, there would be not ambiguity if decode() simply returned the unicode argument unmodified. There seems to be not such a shortcut in decode() functions as of Python2.5.
1 r"""
2 Encoding from unicode to str.
3
4 >>> u"a".encode("iso-8859-15")
5 'a'
6 >>> u"\u0411".encode("iso-8859-15")
7 Traceback (most recent call last):
8 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
9 File "encodings/iso8859_15.py", line 12, in encode
10 UnicodeEncodeError: 'charmap' codec can't encode character u'\u0411' in position 0: character maps to <undefined>
11
12
13 Decoding from str to unicode.
14
15 >>> "a".decode("utf-8")
16 u'a'
17 >>> "\xd0\x91".decode("utf-8")
18 u'\u0411'
19 >>> u"a".decode("utf-8") # Unexpected argument type.
20 u'a'
21 >>> u"\u0411".decode("utf-8") # Unexpected argument type.
22 Traceback (most recent call last):
23 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
24 File "encodings/utf_8.py", line 16, in decode
25 UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\u0411' in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
26 """